Background: Salmonella infection remains endemic in northern Nigeria, with rising antimicrobial resistance. While Acacia nilotica has been widely studied, research has focused mainly on bark and roots.
Aims: this study provides novel clinical evidence on the antibacterial activity of its leaf extracts against Salmonella isolates from patients in Kano.
Methods: Four hundred stool samples from patients screened for typhoid were enriched in Selenite F broth and cultured on selective media. Presumptive Salmonella isolates were identified phenotypically by morphology, Gram staining, and biochemical profiling. Leaves of A. nilotica were extracted with water and ethanol. Phytochemical screening was performed, and antibacterial activity was assessed by agar diffusion at graded concentrations. MIC and MBC were determined by broth dilution.
Result; Fourteen isolates (3.5%) were identified as Salmonella phenotpically. Phytochemical analysis revealed abundant tannins, alkaloids, saponins, steroids, and glycosides. Both extracts exhibited concentration-dependent inhibition against a subset of isolates, with ethanol showing higher activity (zones up to 20 mm at 50 mg/mL) than water. MICs ranged from 25–50 mg/mL, and MBCs were typically 50 mg/mL for susceptible isolates. Activity was substantially lower than ciprofloxacin.
Conclusion: A. nilotica leaves possess measurable but modest anti-Salmonella activity. While weaker than reports for bark and roots, the leaf-based approach offers sustainability and safety advantages. Further molecular identification is warranted, with tannins, alkaloids, and saponins prioritized for bioassay-guided isolation.

Background: Senduduk (Melastoma malabathricum L.) is a medicinal plant commonly found in Indonesia and traditionally used as an antibacterial, antidiarrheal, anti-inflammatory, and wound healing agent. This potential encourages the development of more innovative and environmentally friendly natural-based pharmaceutical preparations.
Aims: This study aims to determine the antioxidant activity of NaDES zwitterion extract of senduduk leaves using the Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) method and to identify bioactive compounds using LC-MS/MS analysis.
Methods: Extraction was carried out using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NaDES) consisting of betaine as Hydrogen Bond Acceptor (HBA) and lactic acid as Hydrogen Bond Donor (HBD) with a mole ratio of 1:1, 1:3, 1:5. The extraction process was carried out using the Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) method with variations in power and extraction time. The antioxidant activity test was carried out using the DPPH method with the determination of IC50 values _, while compound identification was carried out using LC-MS/MS.
Result: The results showed that the extract was liquid, yellowish brown, reddish, to blackish in color with a distinctive aroma. The pH value of the extract was 3.44 ( 1:1), 2.85 (1:3), and 2.59 (1:5) which were classified as acidic. The antioxidant activity showed a very strong category with an IC₅₀ value of (2.35 µg /mL), approaching ascorbic acid of (2.21µg/mL). LC-MS/MS analysis identified 20 chemical compounds consisting of carbohydrates, alkaloids, as well as amino acids and peptides which also play a role as antioxidants.
Conclusion: NaDES zwitterion extract of senduduk leaves using the MAE method has very strong antioxidant activity and contains potential bioactive compounds that can be utilized in the food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical industries.

Background: Increased bowel motions and a looser stool consistency than usual are signs of diarrhea. Alkaloids, which are present in traditional plants like mahogany seeds and can reduce intestinal motility and excess fluid secretion, are one of the secondary metabolites utilized as an antidiarrheal.
Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of mahogany seed ethanol extract as an antidiarrheal agent in male Wistar strain white mice.
Methods: Using 96% ethanol as a solvent, extraction was carried out by maceration. 50 mg/kgBW, 100 mg/kgBW, and 200 mg/kgBW were the dosages utilized; loperamide was employed as a comparator. Six groups of twenty-four experimental animals were given 0.5 mL of oleum ricini to induce diarrhea. The intestinal transit method (measuring the length of the norit passage through the intestine) and the defecation method (frequency, consistency, and weight of feces) were then used to make observations. One-way ANOVA was used to evaluate the data, and Bonferroni's post hoc test was then used.
Result: The extract was most successful in producing antidiarrheal effects at a dose of 200 mg/kgBW, according to the results of the oleum ricini-induced antidiarrheal activity test. The diarrhea group did not differ significantly from the 50 mg/kgBW and 100 mg/kgBW dose groups in the initial parameters of diarrhea, but they did differ significantly from the loperamide and 200 mg/kgBW dose groups.
Conclusion: Ethanol extract of mahogany seeds (EEMB) exhibited antidiarrheal effects at doses of 50 mg/kgBW, 100 mg/kgBW, and 200 mg/kgBW in experiments on male white rats. Therefore, EEMB may be a potential antidiarrheal drug for further pharmacological development.

Background: Increasing antibiotic resistance is a challenge in controlling Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli infections, so it is necessary to search for new antibacterial candidates from local medicinal plants. Indonesia has high biodiversity, one of which is the senduduk plant (Melastoma malabathricum L.) which has been used as a traditional medicine by the community.
Aims : To evaluate the antibacterial activity of senduduk leaves extract (Melastoma malabathricum L.) obtained through environmentally friendly extraction (Green Extraction).
Methods: The extraction process used the Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) method with a solvent made from a Zwitterion-based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NaDES).This solvent is made by mixing betaine, which acts as a Hydrogen Bond Acceptor (HBA), with lactic acid, which acts as a Hydrogen Bond Donor (HBD). The amounts of these two components were tested in different ratios: 1:1, 1:3, and 1:5. Antibacterial tests were done against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli using the disc diffusion method, and each test was repeated three times.
Result: The extract prepared using the 1:5 molar ratio exhibited the highest antibacterial activity with a very strong inhibition zone category in both test bacteria, with an average value of inhibition zone diameter of 22.46 mm in Staphylococcus aureus and an average value of inhibition zone diameter of 20.66 mm in Escherichia coli. This result was higher compared to the molar ratios of 1:1 and 1:3, which only reached the category of strong inhibition zones.
Conclusion: The MAE method with NaDES solvent is an effective method in developing the potential of senduduk leaves as a natural antibacterial agent.

Background: Anacardium occidentale (cashew) is an economically important tropical plant valued for its edible nuts and numerous medicinal properties. Beyond the plant itself, its endophytic fungi have attracted increasing attention as potential sources of bioactive secondary metabolites with antioxidant and therapeutic applications. Despite the well-documented phytochemical and antioxidant properties of Anacardium occidentale, limited information is available on the phytochemical composition and antioxidant potential of its nut-associated endophytic fungi.
Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of endophytic fungi isolated from Anacardium occidentale (cashew) nuts.
Methods: Four endophytic fungal isolates (EF1–EF4) were cultured, and their crude extracts were subjected to qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses using standard procedures. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH radical scavenging assay, IC₅₀ determination, and total antioxidant capacity assay.
Result: All fungal isolates contained important bioactive phytochemicals and exhibited antioxidant activity. EF3 showed the highest levels of phenolics, tannins, and terpenoids, as well as the strongest antioxidant activity, with the lowest IC₅₀ value (47.55 µg/mL) and the highest total antioxidant capacity (112.83 mg AAE/g extract) among the fungal isolates.
Conclusion: This research has identified novel fungal-derived natural antioxidants from Anacardium occidentale nuts with potential applications in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and food industries.